Çeljana Toti (Albania) BAOS

White spot lesions are one of the most frequent side effects of orthodontic treatment. Their frequency has been reported to be widely variable, from 2%-97 % in different epidemiological studies, which might be explained by the techniques used to detect them. The use of bands, wires, or brackets during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances, promote retention of biofilms, exhibiting a significant higher rate of WSLs compared to controls with none of this tools involved. It is interesting the fact their appearance since the first weeks of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.
This lecture reviews the recent literature regarding WSLs in orthodontic patients with fixed appliances. We will also share results and conclusions of our studies on patients treated with fixed appliances and compare these findings with the latest evidence. This topic has been in the focus of researchers during the recent decade. The nature is so impressive by offering her extracts to minimize WSLs appearance. On the other hand studies has shown that materials containing fluoride showed more significant antimicrobial effectiveness when compared to the materials without antimicrobial substance and thus might have the  potential of antimicrobial properties in vivo. Fluoride-containing materials showed greater antimicrobial effectiveness but require frequent application of more fluoride to enhance their antimicrobial ability. 
The high incidence of WSLs during orthodontic treatment necessitates the attention of both patients and caregivers to maximize caries prevention measures or the management of it if it occurs.